The evidence base behind the economics of unpaid and informal caregiving — the federal data, peer-reviewed methodology, and policy work that anchor the $1T–$2.4T valuation. Every load-bearing source in one place, kept current.
The current canonical national valuation. Anchors the $1.01T floor, 49.5B hours of care, a $20.41/hr blended replacement rate, and 59M adult caregivers. Quality A.
Anchors 63M total caregivers, demographics, and task prevalence — 58% perform medical/nursing tasks, 55% complex clinical work — at a 26 hrs/week average. Quality A.
National Partnership for Women & Families (2023 ATUS analysis) · 2024
Anchors the central sex-share finding: women perform ~65% of caregiving hours, averaging 296 hrs/year. Critical for the sex-adjustment methodology. Quality A.
Source for every task-matched wage: home health aide $16.78, nursing assistant $19.01, LPN $29.97, RN $45.00, medical/health services manager $56.71, social worker $29.49. Quality A.
The paid-care wage floor: $17.36/hr median, 36% in or near poverty, 49% on public assistance, 85–87% female. Critical for the "gender discount applied twice" argument. Quality A.
Chari, Engberg, Ray & Mehrotra / Health Services Research · 2015
Establishes the ~3x sensitivity between methods — $221B at minimum wage vs $642B at skilled-nursing replacement for the same population. The original demonstration of the problem AARP partially internalized in 2026. Quality A.
Oliva-Moreno et al. / Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · 2015
Empirical demonstration that replacement-cost methods produce valuations 60–160% higher than opportunity-cost methods on the same population. Quality A.
van den Berg, Brouwer & Koopmanschap / European Journal of Health Economics · 2004
Foundational comparison of replacement- vs. opportunity-cost methods; shows opportunity cost systematically undervalues the time of women, elderly, and minorities facing labor-market discrimination. Cited as methodological framework only (pre-2018 vintage flagged). Quality A.
Federal policy document acknowledging that both opportunity-cost and market-wage approaches "could potentially understate the true value of unpaid care" — aligning HHS's own position with the brief's critique. Quality A.
Comprehensive contemporary review recommending specialist replacement cost (task-to-profession matching) as the appropriate method when care tasks span multiple skill levels. Methodological validation for the brief's approach. Quality A.
Frames that static estimates "do not take into account dynamic wage and employment effects." Cited as burden-framework reference only (pre-2018 vintage flagged). Quality A.
Source for task-mix decomposition — which ADLs, IADLs, and medical tasks family caregivers perform and at what frequency. Used to construct the 11-task valuation framework. Quality A.
Free
The Library
The economics of caregiving, in one place — and kept current.